1. Turn On My Keypad
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A keypad is a set of buttons arranged in a block or pad which bear digits, symbols or alphabetical letters. Pads mostly containing numbers and used with computers are numeric keypads. Keypads are found on devices which require mainly numeric input such as calculators, television remotes, push-button telephones, vending machines, ATMs, Point of Sale devices, combination locks, and digital door locks. Many devices follow the E.161 standard for their arrangement.

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Uses and functions[edit]

A computer keyboard usually has a small numeric keypad on the side, in addition to the other number keys on the top, but with a calculator-style arrangement of buttons that allow more efficient entry of numerical data. This number pad (commonly abbreviated to numpad) is usually positioned on the right side of the keyboard because most people are right-handed.

Many laptop computers have special function keys that turn part of the alphabetical keyboard into a numerical keypad as there is insufficient space to allow a separate keypad to be built into the laptop's chassis. Separate external plug-in keypads can be purchased.

Keypads for the entry of PINs and for product selection appear on many devices including ATMs, vending machines, Point of Sale payment devices, time clocks, combination locks and digital door locks.

Key layout[edit]

The first key-activated mechanical calculators and many cash registers used 'parallel' keys with one column of 0 to 9 for each position the machine could use. A smaller, 10-key input first started on the Standard Adding Machine in 1901.^[1] The calculator had the digit keys arranged in one row, with zero on the left, and 9 on the right. The modern four-row arrangement debuted with the Sundstrand Adding Machine in 1911.^[2]

Turn On My Keypad

There is no standard for the layout of the four arithmetic operations, the decimal point, equal sign or other more advanced mathematical functions on the keypad of a calculator.

The invention of the push-button telephone keypad is attributed to John E. Karlin, an industrial psychologist at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, NJ.^[3][4] On a telephone keypad, the numbers 1 through 9 are arranged from left to right, top to bottom with 0 in a row below 789 and in the center. Telephone keypads also have the special buttons labelled * (star) and # (octothorpe, number sign, 'pound', 'hex' or 'hash') on either side of the zero key. The keys on a telephone may also bear letters which have had several auxiliary uses, such as remembering area codes or whole telephone numbers.

Origin of the order difference[edit]

Although calculator keypads pre-date telephone keypads by nearly thirty years, the top-to-bottom order for telephones was the result of research studies conducted by a Bell Labs Human Factors group led by John Karlin. They tested a variety of layouts including a Facit like the two-row arrangement, buttons in a circle, buttons in an arc, and rows of three buttons.^[3] The definitive study was published in 1960: 'Human Factor Engineering Studies of the Design and Use of Pushbutton Telephone Sets' by R. L. Deininger.^[5][6] This study concluded that the adopted layout was best, and that the calculator layout was about 3% slower than the adopted telephone keypad.

Despite the conclusions obtained in the study, there are several popular theories and folk histories explaining the inverse order of telephone and calculator keypads.

Keypad Button Phone

• One popular theory suggests that the reason is similar to that given for the QWERTY layout, the unfamiliar ordering slowed users to accommodate the slow switches of the late 1950s and early 1960s.^[7]
• Another explanation proposed is that at the time of the introduction of the telephone keypad, telephone numbers in the U.S. where commonly given out using alphabetical characters for the first two digits. Thus 555-1234 would be given out as KL5-1234. These alpha sequences were mapped to words. '27' was given out as 'CRestview', '26' as 'ATwood', etc. By placing the '1' key in the upper left, the alphabet was arranged in the normal left-to-right descending order for English characters. Additionally, on a rotary telephone, the '1' hole was at the top, albeit at the top right.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^'William and Hubert Hopkins machines'. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
2. ^'Sundstrand Adding Machine - Underwood Sundstrand'. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
3. ^ ^abFox, Margalit (February 8, 2013). 'John E. Karlin, Who Led the Way to All-Digit Dialing, Dies at 94'. The New York Times. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
4. ^'Monmouth man, inventor of touch-tone keypad, dies at 94'. The Star-Ledger. February 9, 2013. Archived from the original on February 13, 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
5. ^Deininger, R. L. (July 1960). 'Human Factor Engineering Studies of the Design and Use of Pushbutton Telephone Sets'(PDF). The Bell System Technical Journal (July, 1960): 995. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2014-01-24. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
6. ^Feldman, Dave (1987). Why Do Clocks Run Clockwise. New York: Harper & Row.
7. ^'Why is the keypad arrangement different for a telephone and a calculator?'. How Stuff Works. Retrieved 7 February 2014.

External links[edit]

A telephone keypad is the keypad installed on a push-button telephone or similar telecommunication device for dialing a telephone number. It was standardized when the dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF) system was developed in the Bell System in the United States in the 1960s that replaced rotary dialing originally developed in electromechanical switching systems.^[1] Because of the installed abundance of rotary dial equipment well into the 1990s, many telephone keypads were also designed to produce loop-disconnect pulses electronically, and some could be optionally switched to produce either DTMF or pulses.

The development of the modern telephone keypad is attributed to research in the 1950s by Richard Deininger under the directorship of John Karlin at the Human Factors Engineering Department of Bell Labs.^[2][3] The contemporary keypad is laid out in a rectangular array of twelve push buttons arranged as four rows and three columns of keys. For military applications, a fourth, right-most column of keys was added for priority signaling in the Autovon system in the 1960s. Initially, between 1963 and 1968, the keypads for civilian subscriber service omitting the lower left and lower right keys that commonly are assigned to the star (✻) and number sign (#) signals, respectively. These keys were added to provide signals for anticipated data entry purposes in business applications, but found use in Custom Calling Services (CLASS) features installed in electronic switching systems.^[4]

Layout[edit]

The layout of the digit keys is different from that commonly appearing on calculators and numeric keypads. This layout was chosen after extensive human factors testing at Bell Labs.^[3][5] At the time (late 1950s), mechanical calculators were not widespread, and few people had experience with them.^[6] Indeed, calculators were only just starting to settle on a common layout; a 1955 paper states 'Of the several calculating devices we have been able to look at... Two other calculators have keysets resembling [the layout that would become the most common layout].... Most other calculators have their keys reading upward in vertical rows of ten,'^[5] while a 1960 paper, just five years later, refers to today's common calculator layout as 'the arrangement frequently found in ten-key adding machines'.^[3] In any case, Bell Labs testing found that the telephone layout with 1, 2, and 3 in the top row, was slightly faster than the calculator layout with them in the bottom row.

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The key labeled ✻ was officially named the 'star' key. The original design used a symbol with six points, but an asterisk (*) with five points commonly appears in printing.^{[citation needed]} The key labeled # is officially called the 'number sign' key, but other names such as 'pound', 'hash', 'hex', 'octothorpe', 'gate', 'lattice', and 'square', are common, depending on national or personal preference. The Greek symbols alpha and omega had been planned originally.^[7]

These can be used for special functions. For example, in the UK, users can order a 7:30am alarm call from a BTtelephone exchange by dialing: *55*0730#.^[8]

Most of the keys also bear letters according to the following system:

These letters have been used for multiple purposes. Originally, they referred to the leading letters of telephone exchange names. In the mid-20th century United States, before the switch to All-Number Calling, telephone numbers had seven digits including a two-digit prefix which was expressed in letters rather than digits, e.g.; KL5-5445. The UK telephone numbering system used a similar two-letter code after the initial zero to form the first part of the subscriber trunk dialling code for a region. For example, Aylesbury was assigned 0AY6, which translated into 0296.

The letters have also been used, mainly in the United States, as a technique for remembering telephone numbers easily. For example, an interior decorator might license the telephone number 1-800-724-6837, but advertise it as the more memorable phoneword 1-800-PAINTER. Sometimes businesses advertise a number with a mnemonic word having more letters than there are digits in the phone number. Usually, this means that the caller just stops dialing at 7 digits after the area code or that the extra digits are ignored by the central office.

In feature phones the letters on the keys are used for text entry tasks such as text messaging, entering names in the phone book, and browsing the web. To compensate for the smaller number of keys, phones used multi-tap and later predictive text processing to speed up the process. Touch-screen phones have made this method obsolete, as they can simulate as many buttons as necessary for full text entry.

Key tones[edit]

Pressing a single key of a traditional analog telephone keypad produces a telephony signaling event to the remote switching system. For touchtone service, the signal is a dual-tone multi-frequency signaling tone consisting of two simultaneous pure tonesinusoidal frequencies. The row in which the key appears determines the low-frequency component, and the column determines the high-frequency component. For example, pressing key 1 results in a signal composed of tones with frequencies 697 hertz (Hz) and 1209 Hz.

Letter mapping[edit]

In the course of telephone history, the positions of telephone dials, as well as keypads have been associated with various patterns of mapping letters and characters to numbers (keyboard layout).

The system used in Denmark^{[failed verification]} was different from that used in the U.K., which was different from the U.S. and Australia.^[9] The use of alphanumeric codes for exchanges was abandoned in Europe when international direct dialing was introduced in the 1960s, because, for example, dialing VIC 8900 on a Danish telephone would result in a different number to dialling it on a British telephone. At the same time letters were no longer placed on the dials of new telephones.

Letters did not re-appear on phones in Europe until the introduction of mobile phones, and the layout followed the new international standard ITU E.161/ISO 9995-8. The ITU established an international standard (ITU E.161) in the mid-1990s, and that should be the layout used for any new devices.^[10] There is a standard, ETSI ES 202 130, that covers European languages and other languages used in Europe, published by the independent ETSI organisation in 2003^[11] and updated in 2007.^[12] Work describing some principles of the standard is available.^[13]

Since many newer smartphones, such as the Palm Treo and BlackBerry, have full alphanumeric keyboards instead of the traditional telephone keypads, the user must execute additional steps to dial a number containing convenience letters. On certain BlackBerry devices, a user can press the Alt key, followed by the desired letter, and the device will generate the appropriate DTMF tone.^[14]

See also[edit]

Keypad Buttons A B C D On Off Lights

References[edit]

Keypad Button Sound Effect

1. ^Agogino, Alice (November 18, 2009). 'Engineering Education 'Today in History' Blog: Bell Telephone introduces push button telephone'. Engineering Pathway. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013.
2. ^B.L. Hanson, A Brief History of Applied Behavioral Science at Bell Laboratories, Bell System Technical Journal 62(6) 1571–1590 (July–August 1983), p.1578
3. ^ ^abcDeininger, R. L. (1960-02-16). 'Human Factors Engineering Studies of the Design and Use of Pushbutton Telephone Sets'. Bell System Technical Journal. 39 (4): 995–1012. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1960.tb04447.x.
4. ^D.P. Worrall, New Custom Calling Services, Bell System Technical Journal 61(5) 821–839 (May–June 1982)
5. ^ ^abLutz, Mary Champion; Chapanis, Alphonse (October 1955). 'Expected Locations of Digits and Letters on Ten-Button Keysets'. Journal of Applied Psychology. 39 (5): 314–317. doi:10.1037/h0048722.
6. ^Brady Haran (producer), Sarah Wiseman (interviewee) (2013-08-29). Phone Numbers - Numberphile. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
7. ^Koten, John F., ' *# ', WSJ.Money Magazine, Issue 5, p. 22 (Spring 2014). The star and number sign were likely first suggested by John A. 'Jack' Koten (1929-2014), a corporate communications specialist with Bell Labs in Chicago, reasoning that the new keys would be easier to explain to a public already familiar with typewriter symbols.
8. ^http://btbusiness.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/7698/~/reminder-call-instructions
9. ^Phone Key PadsArchived 2015-03-15 at the Wayback Machine
10. ^E.161 : Arrangement of digits, letters and symbols on telephones and other devices that can be used for gaining access to a telephone network
11. ^ETSI (2003-10-29), ETSI ES 202 130 Ver. 1.1.1: Human Factors (HF); User Interfaces; Character repertoires, ordering rules and assignments to the 12-key telephone keypad, ETSI, retrieved 2011-11-03
12. ^ETSI (2007-09-06), ETSI ES 202 130 Ver. 2.1.2: Human Factors (HF); User Interfaces; Character repertoires, orderings and assignments to the 12-key telephone keypad (for European languages and other languages used in Europe), ETSI
13. ^Böcker, Martin; von Niman, Bruno; Larsson, Karl Ivar (2006-09-01), 'Increasing text-entry usability in mobile devices for languages used in Europe', Interactions, 13 (5): 30, CiteSeerX10.1.1.125.7511, doi:10.1145/1151314.1151336, ISSN1072-5520, S2CID20736144
14. ^Blackberry Tips, PC World, October 2005.

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